The Objective-Performance-Reward Cycle (OPRC) in Business Management, Manufacturing/Production Function, Engineering Turnaround Maintenance and Project Management
Keywords:
Objectives, Performance, Rewards (Pay for Performance), ProductivityAbstract
Literature Review and Case Study on the Objective-Performance-Reward Cycle (OPRC) in Business Management, Manufacturing/Production Function, Engineering Turnaround Maintenance and Project Management is reported. Classification of types of objectives was noted. Nature and characteristics of Business Objectives were examined. A streamlined approach for setting Business Objectives was considered. Main methods for collection of performance appraisal data were reviewed and the criteria contamination and criteria deficiency factors were noted. The effects, methods and formula for the computation of Reward for Performance (that is pay for performance, P for P) were also considered and demonstrated with abridged case studies. The benefits and advantages of the OPRC were highlighted.
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References
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http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/objective.html#ixzz4BJROpbPI
2. Cambridge English Dictionary (2016). Objective - Meaning. Accessed 11 June 2016.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02756661211281507. 29-10-2012. Emerald Publishers.
9. Pascoa c.; Belo N. and Tribolet J.(2012). Business Objectives and Business Processes: Alignment
and Verification in Information Resources Management Journal (IRMJ) Vol. 25 No. 2. Pp. 68.
DOI: 10.4018/irmj.2012040104
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10. Chaurura P.; Chuma K. ( ). Tag Archives: Performance Objective Service Delivery at Fuel
Service Stations (FSS): An Evaluation of Consumer Satisfaction in Gaborone, Botswana. Accessed
online : 10 May 2016.
www.eajournals.org/keywords/performance-objective/European-Americanjournals.
11. Wikipedia (2016). Performance appraisal -, the free encyclopedia . January 2016.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_appraisal .
12. Villanova P; Bernardin H.J.; Dahmus S.A and Sims R.L. (1993). Rater Leniency and Performance
Appraisal Discomfort in Sage Research Methods and Evaluation Journal. Autumn 1993. Vol. 53 No. 3.
Pp.789-799. doi:10.1177/0013164493053003023
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and Unique Performance Measures. The Accounting Review: July 2000, Vol. 75, No. 3, pp.
283-298. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2000.75.3.283
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Measures: Evidence from a Balanced Scorecard. The Accounting Review: July 2003, Vol. 78, No. 3,
pp. 725-758. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2003.78.3.725
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16. Ochoti G.N.; Maronga E.; Muathe S.; Nyabwanga R.N. and Ronoh P.K. (2012). Factors Influencing
Employee Performance Appraisal System: A Case of the Ministry of State for Provincial
Administration & Internal Security, Kenya in the International Journal of Business and Social
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ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_20_special_Issue_October__/5.pdf.
17. Ali S.B.; Mahdi A. and Malihe J. (2012). The Effect of Employees’ Performance Appraisal
Procedure on their Intrinsic Motivation in the International Journal of Academic Research in Business
and Social Sciences December 2012, Vol. 2, No. 12 ISSN: 2222-6990 161 www.hrmars.com/journals
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19. Levy P.E. and Williams J.R. (2004)The Social Context of Performance Appraisal: A Review and
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AND ORGANIZATIONAL GROWTH in the Australian Journal of Business and Management
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21. Aforo A. A. and Antwi K. A. (2012). Evaluation of the performance appraisal systems in KNUST
and GIMPA libraries in the E3 Journal of Business Management and Economics Vol. 3 No. 8. Pp.
301-306. 15 August 2012. Available online @ http://www.e3journals.org. ISSN 2141-7482.
www.e3journals.org/---/articles/1345993481_Akua%20and%20kodjo.pdf.
22. Jabeen M. (2011). Impact of Performance Appraisal on Employees Motivation in the European
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No.4, 2011 197. www.iiste.org. http//www.researchgate.net/file-postFiileLoader.html?id---
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Management System on Employee Performance through the Mediating Role of Employee
Motivation. Case Study: Isfahan Regional Electric Company in the International Journal of Academic
Research in Business and Social Sciences. September 2013, Vol. 3, No. 9 ISSN: 2222-6990 327.
www.hrmars.com/journals. DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v3-i9/214 Url:
http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v3-i9/214
24. Onyango W.P. (2014). Effects of Employee Rewards Policy on Organization Performance in
Public Primary Schools in Rachuonyo North Sub County in the European Journal of Business and
Management. ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol.6, No.34, 2014 .
www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJB/article/viewFile/17145/17996.
25. San O.T.; Theen Y.M. and Heng T.B. (2012). The Reward Strategy and Performance
Measurement (Evidence from Malaysian Insurance Companies) in the International Journal of
Business, Humanities and Technology Vol. 2 No. 1; January 2012 211.
www.ijbhtnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_1_January_2012/24.pdf
26. Njanja W.L.; Maina R.N.; Kibet L.K. and Njagi K. (2013). Effect of Reward on Employee
Performance: A Case of Kenya Power and Lighting Company Ltd., Nakuru, Kenya in the International
Journal of Business and Management; Vol. 8, No. 21; 2013 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-8119.
Published by Canadian Centre of Science and Education 41, September 25, 2013 Online Published:
October 15, 2013 doi:10.5539/ijbm.v8n21p41 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v8n21p41
27. SALAU O. P.; Oni-Ojo E.A.; Falola H. and Dirisu J.F. (2014). Modelling the Relationship Between
Performance Appraisal and Organizational Productivity in Nigerian Public Sector in the International
Journal of Research in Management Issue 4, Vol. 6 (Oct.-Nov. 2014) Available online on
http://www.rspublication.com/ijrm/ijrm_index.htm ISSN 2249-5908 R S. Publication,
rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 59
28. Agwu M.O.(2013). Impact of Fair Reward System on Employees Job Performance in Nigerian Agip
Oil Company Limited Port-Harcourt in the British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural
Science, ISSN: 2278-0998,Vol.: 3, Issue.: 1 (January-March)
29. Badrillah I.M; Muhammad R.M. and Rahman B.A. (2013). Organizational Rewards System and
Employees’ Satisfaction at Telekom Malaysia Berhad in the Journal of Educational and Social
Research MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy Vol. 3 No. 3 September 2013 281 ISSN: 2239-978XE-ISSN:
2240-0524. Doi:10.5901/jesr.2013.v4n3p281
30. Gomez‐Mejia L.R. (1990) "Increasing Productivity: Performance Appraisal and Reward
Systems",Personnel Review, Vol. 19 Iss: 2, pp.21 - 26
DOI :http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483489010138759
www.emeraldinsight.com/pdf/10.1108/00483/489010138759.
31. Rowland C. and Hall R., (2014) "Management learning, performance and reward: theory and
practice revisited", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 33 Iss: 4, pp.
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMD-08-2012-0110
32. Ladley D.; Wilkinson I. and Young L.(2015). The impact of individual versus group rewards on
work group performance and cooperation: A computational social science approach in the Journal
of Business Research Volume 68, Issue 11, November 2015, Pages 2412–2425
doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.02.020 Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/piii/s0148296315001022.
33.Thomas k. (2009) The Four Intrinsic Rewards that Drive Employee Engagement. The Workplace.
November / December 2009.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/objective.html#ixzz4BJROpbPI
2. Cambridge English Dictionary (2016). Objective - Meaning. Accessed 11 June 2016.
dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/objective.
3. Suttle R.(2016). Definition of Business Objectives & Goals. Demand Media . Accessed 11 June
2016. smallbusiness.chron.com>Business planning & strategy>Business Goals.
4. Management About (2016). Objectives - Definition. managementabout.com. 06 August 2016. ----
ralmanagement/g/objective.html.
5. Finance Practitioner (2016). Business Objective - Definition of Business Objective.
www.financepractitioner.com/-----ary/businessobjective.
6. Norman L.(2016).What Is an Objectives Statement? Demand Media. smallbusiness.chron.com/---
tives-statement/43/65243003.html
7. Akrani G. (2011). Business Objectives - meaning, Types, Nature and Characteristics 31 August
2011. kalyan-cityblogspot.com/2011/08/business-objectives-meaning-types.html.
8. Graham Kenny, (2012),"From the stakeholder viewpoint: designing measurable objectives",
Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. 33 Iss: 6. Pp. 40 - 46.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02756661211281507. 29-10-2012. Emerald Publishers.
9. Pascoa c.; Belo N. and Tribolet J.(2012). Business Objectives and Business Processes: Alignment
and Verification in Information Resources Management Journal (IRMJ) Vol. 25 No. 2. Pp. 68.
DOI: 10.4018/irmj.2012040104
www.igi-global.com/article/Business-Objectives-business-processes/65103
10. Chaurura P.; Chuma K. ( ). Tag Archives: Performance Objective Service Delivery at Fuel
Service Stations (FSS): An Evaluation of Consumer Satisfaction in Gaborone, Botswana. Accessed
online : 10 May 2016.
www.eajournals.org/keywords/performance-objective/European-Americanjournals.
11. Wikipedia (2016). Performance appraisal -, the free encyclopedia . January 2016.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_appraisal .
12. Villanova P; Bernardin H.J.; Dahmus S.A and Sims R.L. (1993). Rater Leniency and Performance
Appraisal Discomfort in Sage Research Methods and Evaluation Journal. Autumn 1993. Vol. 53 No. 3.
Pp.789-799. doi:10.1177/0013164493053003023
13. Lipe M.G. and Salterio S.E. (2000).The Balanced Scorecard: Judgmental Effects of Common
and Unique Performance Measures. The Accounting Review: July 2000, Vol. 75, No. 3, pp.
283-298. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2000.75.3.283
14. Ittner C.D.; Larcker D.F. and Meyer M.W. (2003) Subjectivity and the Weighting of Performance
Measures: Evidence from a Balanced Scorecard. The Accounting Review: July 2003, Vol. 78, No. 3,
pp. 725-758. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2003.78.3.725
15. Daoanis L.E. (2012). PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM: It’s Implication To Employee
Performance in the International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences Vol. 2, No.
3, 2012, pp. 55-62. www.managementjournals.org/ijems/23/IJEMSi2n3i71222217.pdf.
16. Ochoti G.N.; Maronga E.; Muathe S.; Nyabwanga R.N. and Ronoh P.K. (2012). Factors Influencing
Employee Performance Appraisal System: A Case of the Ministry of State for Provincial
Administration & Internal Security, Kenya in the International Journal of Business and Social
Science Vol. 3 No. 20 [Special Issue – October 2012] .
ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_20_special_Issue_October__/5.pdf.
17. Ali S.B.; Mahdi A. and Malihe J. (2012). The Effect of Employees’ Performance Appraisal
Procedure on their Intrinsic Motivation in the International Journal of Academic Research in Business
and Social Sciences December 2012, Vol. 2, No. 12 ISSN: 2222-6990 161 www.hrmars.com/journals
18. Lawler III E.E.; Benson .G.S. and McDermott M. (2012). What Makes Performance Appraisals
Effective? Compensation Benefits Review July/August 2012 vol. 44 no. 4 191- 200
doi:10.1177/0886368712462331. Compensation & Benefits Reviewcbr.sagepub.com
19. Levy P.E. and Williams J.R. (2004)The Social Context of Performance Appraisal: A Review and
Framework for the Future in the Journal of Management December 2004 vol. 30 no. 6. Pp. 881-905.
doi: 10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.005 jom.sagepub.com/content/30/6/881/abstract.
20. Obisi C. (2011). EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR INDIVIDUAL
AND ORGANIZATIONAL GROWTH in the Australian Journal of Business and Management
Research Vol.1 No.9 . Pp. 92-97. December-2011.
21. Aforo A. A. and Antwi K. A. (2012). Evaluation of the performance appraisal systems in KNUST
and GIMPA libraries in the E3 Journal of Business Management and Economics Vol. 3 No. 8. Pp.
301-306. 15 August 2012. Available online @ http://www.e3journals.org. ISSN 2141-7482.
www.e3journals.org/---/articles/1345993481_Akua%20and%20kodjo.pdf.
22. Jabeen M. (2011). Impact of Performance Appraisal on Employees Motivation in the European
Journal of Business and Management. ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online). Vol 3,
No.4, 2011 197. www.iiste.org. http//www.researchgate.net/file-postFiileLoader.html?id---
23. Karami A.; Dolatabadi H.R. and Rajaeepour S. (2013). Analyzing the Effectiveness of Reward
Management System on Employee Performance through the Mediating Role of Employee
Motivation. Case Study: Isfahan Regional Electric Company in the International Journal of Academic
Research in Business and Social Sciences. September 2013, Vol. 3, No. 9 ISSN: 2222-6990 327.
www.hrmars.com/journals. DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v3-i9/214 Url:
http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v3-i9/214
24. Onyango W.P. (2014). Effects of Employee Rewards Policy on Organization Performance in
Public Primary Schools in Rachuonyo North Sub County in the European Journal of Business and
Management. ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol.6, No.34, 2014 .
www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJB/article/viewFile/17145/17996.
25. San O.T.; Theen Y.M. and Heng T.B. (2012). The Reward Strategy and Performance
Measurement (Evidence from Malaysian Insurance Companies) in the International Journal of
Business, Humanities and Technology Vol. 2 No. 1; January 2012 211.
www.ijbhtnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_1_January_2012/24.pdf
26. Njanja W.L.; Maina R.N.; Kibet L.K. and Njagi K. (2013). Effect of Reward on Employee
Performance: A Case of Kenya Power and Lighting Company Ltd., Nakuru, Kenya in the International
Journal of Business and Management; Vol. 8, No. 21; 2013 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-8119.
Published by Canadian Centre of Science and Education 41, September 25, 2013 Online Published:
October 15, 2013 doi:10.5539/ijbm.v8n21p41 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v8n21p41
27. SALAU O. P.; Oni-Ojo E.A.; Falola H. and Dirisu J.F. (2014). Modelling the Relationship Between
Performance Appraisal and Organizational Productivity in Nigerian Public Sector in the International
Journal of Research in Management Issue 4, Vol. 6 (Oct.-Nov. 2014) Available online on
http://www.rspublication.com/ijrm/ijrm_index.htm ISSN 2249-5908 R S. Publication,
rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 59
28. Agwu M.O.(2013). Impact of Fair Reward System on Employees Job Performance in Nigerian Agip
Oil Company Limited Port-Harcourt in the British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural
Science, ISSN: 2278-0998,Vol.: 3, Issue.: 1 (January-March)
29. Badrillah I.M; Muhammad R.M. and Rahman B.A. (2013). Organizational Rewards System and
Employees’ Satisfaction at Telekom Malaysia Berhad in the Journal of Educational and Social
Research MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy Vol. 3 No. 3 September 2013 281 ISSN: 2239-978XE-ISSN:
2240-0524. Doi:10.5901/jesr.2013.v4n3p281
30. Gomez‐Mejia L.R. (1990) "Increasing Productivity: Performance Appraisal and Reward
Systems",Personnel Review, Vol. 19 Iss: 2, pp.21 - 26
DOI :http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483489010138759
www.emeraldinsight.com/pdf/10.1108/00483/489010138759.
31. Rowland C. and Hall R., (2014) "Management learning, performance and reward: theory and
practice revisited", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 33 Iss: 4, pp.
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMD-08-2012-0110
32. Ladley D.; Wilkinson I. and Young L.(2015). The impact of individual versus group rewards on
work group performance and cooperation: A computational social science approach in the Journal
of Business Research Volume 68, Issue 11, November 2015, Pages 2412–2425
doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.02.020 Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/piii/s0148296315001022.
33.Thomas k. (2009) The Four Intrinsic Rewards that Drive Employee Engagement. The Workplace.
November / December 2009.
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Published
2016-06-30
How to Cite
Okpighe, S. O., Alajemba , C. C. ., Ononuju, C. N. ., & Ovri, J. O. . (2016). The Objective-Performance-Reward Cycle (OPRC) in Business Management, Manufacturing/Production Function, Engineering Turnaround Maintenance and Project Management. International Journal For Research In Business, Management And Accounting, 2(2), 90–105. Retrieved from https://ijrbma.com/index.php/bma/article/view/1015
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